Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Strategic Diversification Amidst Resurgent Demand: Alliance Resource Partners (ARLP) is strategically transforming from a traditional coal producer into a diversified energy partner, leveraging its robust coal operations and growing royalty segments to fund investments in new energy infrastructure, including AI data centers and battery materials. This pivot is occurring amidst a significant resurgence in domestic energy demand and a highly supportive regulatory environment for baseload generation.
• Strong Operational Performance and Cost Discipline: Despite a 7.7% year-over-year revenue decline in Q2 2025 due to rolling off higher-priced legacy coal contracts, ARLP demonstrated strong operational efficiency. Segment adjusted EBITDA expense per ton for coal operations decreased 9% year-over-year, driven by cost savings and improved recoveries in the Illinois Basin.
• Optimistic Outlook and Growth Initiatives: Management anticipates a highly encouraging outlook for the domestic coal market, with 2025 coal sales volumes projected between 32.75 million and 34 million tons, 97% committed. Strategic investments in the Gavin Generation coal plant and the Matrix Group subsidiary are expected to be accretive, capitalizing on surging electricity demand from AI data centers and manufacturing.
• Enhanced Financial Flexibility for Growth: ARLP's recent decision to adjust its quarterly distribution to $0.60 per unit ($2.40 annualized) is a strategic move to strengthen the balance sheet and provide additional financial flexibility for growth opportunities. This is supported by the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act," which is expected to result in higher after-tax distributions for unitholders in 2025.
• Technological Edge and Royalty Growth: ARLP's investment in advanced mining technologies, including data network and collision avoidance systems, enhances operational efficiency and safety. Its Oil & Gas Royalties segment continues to deliver record volumes, with 2025 BOE guidance increased by 5%, showcasing organic growth potential and a valuable, self-financing diversification engine.

Setting the Scene: A Diversified Energy Powerhouse for a New Era

Alliance Resource Partners, L.P. (NASDAQ: ARLP) has evolved significantly since its founding in 1971 and its 1999 IPO as a pure-play coal producer. Today, ARLP stands as a diversified natural resource company, generating operating and royalty income from coal production and marketing, alongside a rapidly growing portfolio of oil and gas mineral interests. This strategic evolution is now accelerating, positioning ARLP not just as a reliable baseload fuel provider, but as an active participant in the broader energy and infrastructure landscape.

ARLP is the second-largest coal producer in the eastern United States, operating seven underground mining complexes across key regions like the Illinois Basin and Appalachia. Its core strategy revolves around maximizing the value of existing mineral assets, both through efficient coal production and the leasing and development of its extensive coal and oil & gas mineral ownership. This foundational strength is complemented by strategic investments in emerging energy sectors, leveraging ARLP’s core competencies and established relationships.

In the competitive landscape, ARLP distinguishes itself from larger, more globally diversified players like Peabody Energy (BTU) and Arch Resources (ARCH), as well as regional peers such as CONSOL Energy (CEIX) and Alpha Metallurgical Resources (AMR). While BTU boasts global scale and ARCH specializes in metallurgical coal, ARLP’s diversified revenue streams, particularly its robust oil and gas royalties, offer a notable edge in revenue stability. ARLP's operational focus in the Illinois Basin and Appalachia, coupled with its extensive reserve base, allows it to maintain a competitive cost structure. For instance, ARLP's latest TTM Gross Profit Margin of 17.94% and EBITDA Margin of 25.83% are competitive within the sector, demonstrating its ability to generate strong operational profitability.

A key differentiator for ARLP lies in its commitment to technological advancement within its mining operations and through its Matrix Design Group, LLC subsidiary. Matrix offers various mining technology products and services, including data network, communication and tracking systems, mining proximity detection systems, industrial collision avoidance systems, and data and analytics software. These proprietary technologies enhance safety and operational efficiency, contributing to ARLP's goal of being a low-cost producer. Furthermore, ARLP's Bitiki KY, LLC subsidiary engages in crypto-mining activities, and a recent $5.9 million investment to replace one-third of its Bitcoin mining machines is expected to improve total fleet efficiency by approximately 30%. This demonstrates a tangible commitment to leveraging technology for both core operations and diversified revenue streams.

Operational Excellence and Financial Resilience

ARLP’s recent financial performance reflects a dynamic market environment, characterized by both challenges and strategic adaptations. In the second quarter of 2025, total revenues decreased by 7.7% year-over-year to $547.5 million. This decline was primarily attributed to lower average coal sales prices, which fell 11.3% year-over-year and 3.9% sequentially, a direct consequence of the "continued roll-off of higher-priced legacy contracts from the 2022 energy crisis." Despite this, coal sales volumes increased by 6.8% year-over-year, partially offsetting the price impact.

Operational efficiency remains a cornerstone of ARLP’s strategy. Segment adjusted EBITDA expense per ton sold for coal operations decreased 9% year-over-year and 3.5% sequentially to $41.27. This improvement was largely driven by the Illinois Basin, which benefited from "lower maintenance and materials and supplies costs at several mines in the region, improved recoveries at our River View and Hamilton mines and reduced longwall move days at Hamilton." The Illinois Basin Coal Operations segment reported $350.2 million in outside revenues and $114.2 million in Segment Adjusted EBITDA for Q2 2025, demonstrating its robust contribution.

The Appalachia Coal Operations segment, however, faced continued headwinds, with tons sold down 16.8% year-over-year due to "challenging mining conditions at Tunnel Ridge." This resulted in a 35.1% year-over-year decrease in Segment Adjusted EBITDA to $29.4 million for the quarter. ARLP's net income for Q2 2025 was $59.4 million, down from $100.2 million in the prior-year quarter. This was impacted by a $25 million non-cash impairment on its equity investment in Ascend Elements, Inc., a battery materials company, following a recapitalization. This was partially offset by a $16.6 million increase in the fair value of ARLP's digital assets (Bitcoin holdings).

The Oil & Gas Royalties segment continues to be a strong performer, with volumes increasing 7.7% year-over-year on a BOE basis due to increased drilling and completion activities. Despite a 9.6% decline in BOE pricing, this segment contributed $35.5 million in outside revenues and $29.9 million in Segment Adjusted EBITDA in Q2 2025. ARLP maintains a solid liquidity position, with $499.2 million in total liquidity at quarter-end, including $55 million in cash. Total debt stood at $477.4 million, resulting in healthy total and net leverage ratios of 0.77x and 0.69x, respectively. The company generated $79 million in free cash flow in Q2 2025, underscoring its financial resilience.

Strategic Vision: Capitalizing on a Shifting Energy Paradigm

ARLP's forward-looking strategy is deeply intertwined with a rapidly evolving energy landscape and a notably supportive regulatory environment. Management views the long-term outlook for ARLP as "as strong as it has been in years," driven by "exceptionally strong fundamentals" in the domestic coal market. This optimism stems from two critical trends: the unprecedented surge in electricity demand from AI data center expansion and increased domestic manufacturing. The White House now forecasts U.S. electricity demand to rise 16% over the next five years, a threefold increase from just a year ago.

The current administration's policy shift is a significant tailwind. President Trump's executive orders in April 2025, addressing grid reliability and delaying premature coal plant retirements, along with the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" in July 2025, which favors baseload generation over renewable tax credits, underscore coal's essential role in energy security. A 2-year reprieve from certain regulatory rules for coal-fired power plants, announced in July 2025, further supports the continued operation of strategic coal generation assets. Energy Ventures analysis estimates these actions could extend 10.6 gigawatts of coal plants, representing 23 million tons of annual coal demand.

In response to this demand, ARLP has updated its 2025 guidance. Coal sales volumes are now projected between 32.75 million and 34 million tons, with 97% already committed and priced. The Illinois Basin's volume guidance has been increased to 25 million to 25.75 million tons due to robust domestic demand. While Appalachia's guidance was reduced to 7.75 million to 8.25 million tons due to past mining challenges at Tunnel Ridge, the completion of its longwall move in mid-July 2025 is expected to bring "much more favorable mining conditions" and improved second-half results. ARLP anticipates 2025 coal sales prices to be $57 to $61 per ton, with segment adjusted EBITDA expense per ton reduced to $39 to $43, primarily due to better-than-expected costs in the Illinois Basin. For 2026, while average coal sales prices are expected to be approximately 5% below the 2025 midpoint, management is optimistic about maintaining margins through increased production and cost savings from recently completed capital projects.

ARLP’s strategic investments further illustrate its forward-looking approach. In February 2025, the company committed up to $25 million to Gavin Generation Holdings A, LP, a private investment vehicle acquiring a coal-fired power plant. With FERC approval received in July 2025 and funding of $22.1 million, this investment is expected to be "immediately accretive." Management sees potential for 5-10 similar power plant opportunities in the next 18-24 months. The Matrix Group subsidiary, offering advanced mining technology products and services, is also expected to show "sizable growth in the 2027 time horizon."

The decision to adjust the quarterly distribution to $0.60 per unit was a deliberate strategic move to "strengthen our balance sheet and provide additional financial flexibility to pursue growth opportunities to maximize unitholder value." This move, coupled with the tax benefits from the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act," which restored 100% bonus depreciation and extended the 20% qualified business income deduction, is expected to result in a higher after-tax distribution for most unitholders in 2025. This financial flexibility will support ARLP's continued investment in its core operations, its growing minerals business, and new energy infrastructure opportunities.

Risks and the Path Forward

While ARLP's outlook is compelling, investors must consider several risks. Trade policy uncertainty, as highlighted by management, could impact future inflation, supply chains, and global economic activity, though President Trump's use of tariffs is largely seen as a negotiating tactic with limited direct impact on ARLP's domestic-focused operations. Persistent geological challenges in Appalachia, particularly at Mettiki, remain a concern, although significant capital investments and longwall moves at Tunnel Ridge are expected to mitigate these issues in the latter half of 2025 and beyond.

Commodity price volatility for both coal and oil & gas continues to pose a risk, especially as higher-priced legacy coal contracts roll off. However, ARLP's diversified revenue streams and focus on cost control are designed to cushion these impacts. Litigation risk, such as the $15.3 million settlement for Fair Labor Standards Act violations, remains a factor, with final court approval pending in Q4 2025.

ARLP's strategy to maintain its position as a low-cost producer through continuous investment in operational efficiency and technology, coupled with its diversification into oil and gas royalties and new energy infrastructure, provides a robust framework to address these challenges. The company's strong balance sheet and disciplined capital allocation further enhance its ability to weather market fluctuations and pursue strategic growth.

Conclusion

Alliance Resource Partners is charting a course through a dynamic energy landscape, solidifying its position as a diversified natural resource company with a compelling investment thesis. By leveraging its core strengths in efficient coal production and a robust oil and gas royalty portfolio, ARLP is strategically funding growth into new energy infrastructure, notably driven by the surging demand from AI data centers and a supportive regulatory environment. The recent adjustment to its distribution, far from signaling weakness, is a calculated move to enhance financial flexibility, enabling the company to capitalize on these burgeoning opportunities and maximize unitholder value.

ARLP's commitment to operational excellence, underscored by significant capital investments in its mining complexes and a focus on technological differentiation, positions it as a resilient and low-cost producer. As the domestic energy market experiences a profound shift towards greater baseload reliability and increased demand, ARLP stands ready to fuel this growth. The company's strategic vision, coupled with its strong financial health and proactive approach to market dynamics, suggests a promising trajectory for sustained profitability and long-term value creation in a re-energized sector.