Executive Summary / Key Takeaways

• Diversified Growth Engine: Palomar Holdings is rapidly transforming into a market leader in specialty insurance, achieving exceptional top-line growth (45% same-store in Q2 2025) by strategically balancing residential and commercial risks across admitted and E&S markets, with new engines like Casualty and Crop driving significant expansion.
• Consistent Profitability & Capital Efficiency: The company consistently delivers strong bottom-line results, evidenced by a 52% year-over-year adjusted net income growth in Q2 2025, a 73% adjusted combined ratio, and a 24% adjusted ROE, demonstrating its ability to meet "Palomar 2X" targets ahead of schedule.
• Technological & Underwriting Moat: Palomar leverages proprietary data analytics and strategic partnerships (e.g., Neptune Flood's AI-based technology) to enhance underwriting, pricing, and distribution, creating a competitive barrier in niche markets like residential earthquake and flood.
• Fortified Risk Transfer & Balance Sheet: Proactive reinsurance placements, including a 10% risk-adjusted rate decrease on its core excess of loss treaty and increased catastrophe bond utilization, significantly reduce earnings volatility and provide robust protection, supported by a strong balance sheet and a new $150 million share repurchase program.
• Positive Outlook Amidst Market Shifts: Despite softening in some commercial property segments and economic uncertainties, management has raised 2025 adjusted net income guidance to $198-$208 million, confident in its diversified portfolio, conservative reserving, and strategic investments in talent and acquisitions to sustain profitable growth.

The Evolution of a Specialty Insurance Powerhouse

Palomar Holdings, Inc. ($PLMR), founded in 2014, has rapidly evolved from a nascent player into a formidable specialty insurance company. Its journey began with the acquisition of Palomar Specialty Insurance Company (PSIC), laying the groundwork for a diversified portfolio. From generating $16.60 million in gross written premiums in its inaugural year, the company organically scaled to $1.50 billion by the end of 2024, achieving a remarkable compound annual growth rate of approximately 57%. This aggressive yet disciplined expansion saw Palomar achieve profitability by 2016, with net income growing at a 43% CAGR since then.

Palomar's core strategy, encapsulated in its "Palomar 2X" imperative, aims to double adjusted net income within an intermediate timeframe while maintaining an adjusted return on equity (ROE) above 20%. This objective is being met ahead of schedule, with the company already doubling its 2021 adjusted underwriting income within three years. The company's resilience is rooted in its ability to operate seamlessly across residential and commercial products in both admitted and Excess & Surplus (E&S) markets. This flexibility allows Palomar to adeptly respond to market shifts, deploying capital where exposure and terms are most attractive.

Technological Edge and Differentiated Capabilities

A cornerstone of Palomar's competitive advantage lies in its differentiated technology and analytical prowess. The company employs proprietary data analytics and a modern technology platform to offer flexible products with customized and granular pricing. This technological foundation is critical for its underwriting and risk selection, particularly in complex areas like earthquake and flood insurance.

Recent strategic initiatives further underscore Palomar's commitment to technological leadership. The April 2025 acquisition of Advanced AgProtection (AAP), a specialized Crop Managing General Agent, significantly enhances Palomar's crop insurance capabilities. AAP's platform provides crucial infrastructure for claims handling, servicing, sales, and technology, expediting Palomar's long-term plan in the crop sector. This integration provides scale and allows Palomar to recruit top-tier talent, solidifying its position as an emerging leader in the crop marketplace.

Furthermore, Palomar's strategic partnership with Neptune Flood, announced in June 2025, is set to revolutionize its residential flood offering. This collaboration grants Palomar access to Neptune's "AI-based technology powered by data science and machine learning." This technology enables a "streamlined and scalable solution" for flood insurance, expanding Palomar's exposure from geographically concentrated inland flood risk to a more diversified nationwide portfolio. The partnership, going live in October 2025, is expected to be a significant contributor to growth in 2026, leveraging technology to offer a robust alternative to the National Flood Insurance Program and make flood coverage more accessible. These technological integrations enhance Palomar's competitive moat by improving underwriting precision, operational efficiency, and distribution reach, directly contributing to higher profitability and market share in its targeted segments.

Competitive Landscape and Strategic Positioning

Palomar operates in a highly competitive property and casualty insurance industry, facing both large, diversified players and niche specialists. Key direct competitors include Chubb Limited (CB), The Travelers Companies, Inc. (TRV), Allstate Corporation (ALL), and Progressive Corporation (PGR).

Palomar's market positioning is distinct. Unlike its larger, more diversified counterparts, Palomar maintains a specialized focus on niche products like earthquake, flood, and targeted casualty lines. This specialization allows Palomar to offer tailored solutions and exhibit greater agility in adapting to regional market dynamics and regulatory changes. For instance, in the California residential earthquake market, Palomar is actively "taking share from the largest incumbent in the California Earthquake Authority" due to its focused expertise and product offerings. The admitted nature of its residential earthquake, Hawaiian hurricane, and residential builders risk businesses creates a "more pronounced barrier to entry" compared to commercial E&S segments, further solidifying its competitive standing.

While larger competitors like Chubb and Travelers benefit from extensive global scale, broader distribution networks, and superior overall financial resources, Palomar's strength lies in its deep underwriting expertise and ability to execute efficiently within its chosen niches. For example, in commercial earthquake, where larger players and new MGAs are driving rate decreases, Palomar remains disciplined, focusing on attractive business and leveraging its balanced book to sustain growth. Its stature in the global reinsurance market, evidenced by competitive reinsurance placements, also provides a "competitive advantage," allowing it to secure favorable terms for its De Novo programs.

However, Palomar's smaller scale compared to industry giants like Allstate or Progressive could lead to lower overall margins and potentially limit its strategic adaptability in broader P&C dynamics. Its regional focus, particularly in California, also exposes it to concentrated loss activity and regulatory environments. Despite these vulnerabilities, Palomar's strategy of disciplined growth, continuous investment in talent, and leveraging technology for targeted expansion positions it to capture market share in underpenetrated or dislocated segments.

Financial Performance: A Story of Accelerated Growth

Palomar's financial performance in the first half of 2025 underscores the success of its diversified strategy and operational execution.

Second Quarter 2025 Highlights:

• Gross Written Premiums (GWP): Grew 28.8% to $496.3 million in Q2 2025, and 45% on a same-store basis, demonstrating robust top-line momentum. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, GWP increased 24.6% to $938.5 million.
• Net Earned Premiums: Increased 47.2% to $180.0 million in Q2 2025, and 49.5% to $344.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025. The net earned premium ratio rose to 44.0% in Q2 2025 from 37.4% in Q2 2024, reflecting improved excess of loss reinsurance and higher growth in non-fronting lines.
• Adjusted Net Income: Surged 52% to $48.5 million ($1.76 per diluted share) in Q2 2025, compared to $32.0 million ($1.25 per diluted share) in Q2 2024. For the six months, adjusted net income grew 67% to $99.8 million.
• Profitability Ratios: The adjusted combined ratio remained strong at 73.1% in Q2 2025, consistent with Q2 2024. Excluding catastrophes, it was also 73.1%. The annualized adjusted return on equity (ROE) was 23.7% in Q2 2025.

• Investment Income: Net investment income increased 68% to $13.4 million in Q2 2025, driven by a higher average balance of investments (from operations and the August 2024 capital raise) and higher yields (average yield on Q2 investments above 5%).

Operational Drivers and Trends:

• Earthquake Franchise: Grew 9.4% in Q2 2025, driven by record new residential business, 87% policy retention, and a 10% inflation guard. While large commercial earthquake saw rate decreases above 20%, the residential book's strength sustained overall growth.
• Casualty Segment: Experienced explosive growth of 118.8% in Q2 2025. This was led by E&S casualty (15% rate increases), environmental liability (nearly tripling), and real estate E&O. The company maintains conservative net lines, with the average net line less than $1 million.
• Inland Marine & Other Property: Grew 28.4% in Q2 2025, supported by Hawaiian hurricane (39% growth) and residential builders risk (52% growth). Despite softening commercial property rates, Builders Risk grew over 30% and Excess National Property over 50%.
• Crop Business: Generated $39.5 million in GWP in Q2 2025, reflecting earlier-than-expected acreage reporting due to favorable weather. The April 2025 acquisition of Advanced AgProtection is accelerating the long-term plan.

• Fronting Business: Declined 36.5% in Q2 2025 due to the runoff of a large partnership, with this headwind expected to dissipate by Q3 2025.

• Losses and Expenses: Non-catastrophe losses increased due to premium growth in attritional lines. Favorable prior year development of $6.5 million in Q2 2025 (primarily from shorter-tail property lines) reflects Palomar's "conservative approach to reserving upfront." Acquisition and other underwriting expenses increased due to higher premiums, commissions, and investments in payroll, technology, and stock-based compensation.

Capital Management and Risk Mitigation

Palomar maintains a robust capital and liquidity position. Stockholders' equity reached $847.2 million as of June 30, 2025, a testament to consistent profitable growth and strategic capital raises. The company had $1.30 billion in cash and investment securities available to cover potential catastrophic losses. Furthermore, the Board authorized a 2-year, $150 million share repurchase program in July 2025, signaling confidence in the company's valuation and future prospects.

The company's comprehensive risk transfer program is a critical component of its financial stability. The June 1, 2025, core excess of loss treaty placement achieved a 10% risk-adjusted rate decrease, better than initial guidance, and locks in favorable economics through early 2026. This program includes $1.2 billion of catastrophe bonds and extends protection up to $3.53 billion for earthquake events and $100 million for continental U.S. hurricane events. Retentions are conservative: $20 million for earthquake and $11 million for all other perils (excluding earthquake), "considerably inside of our stated guidelines of less than 0.5 of earnings and 5% of surplus." A new standalone excess of loss treaty for Hawaii hurricane policies (Laulima) provides up to $735 million in coverage with a $1.5 million retention, further de-risking the portfolio.

While Palomar faces inherent risks common to the insurance industry, such as unpredictable catastrophe events, potential reinsurer defaults, and reserve inadequacy, its diversified portfolio and conservative underwriting practices aim to mitigate these. The company is actively reducing exposure to volatile lines like commercial all-risk and maintains conservative net line sizes in newer casualty and surety lines. Management acknowledges macroeconomic factors like tariffs and economic slowdowns could impact the business, but believes its diversified portfolio provides resilience.

Outlook and Strategic Trajectory

Palomar's management has raised its full-year 2025 adjusted net income guidance to a range of $198 million to $208 million, up from $195 million to $205 million. The midpoint of this revised guidance implies an adjusted ROE of 24% and adjusted net income growth of greater than 50% year-over-year. This trajectory positions Palomar to double its 2022 adjusted net income in three years and its 2023 adjusted net income in just two years, significantly outpacing its "Palomar 2X" targets.

The guidance includes an assumption of $8 million to $12 million in additional catastrophe losses. Key financial ratio expectations for 2025 include a net earned premium ratio in the low 40s, a loss ratio in the low 30s, an acquisition expense ratio around 11% to 12%, and an other underwriting expense ratio around 8%. The third quarter is expected to be the low point for the net earned premium ratio and the apex for the combined ratio (mid-to-upper 70s), primarily due to the seasonal earning pattern of crop premiums.

Strategic initiatives will continue to drive future performance. The Crop franchise is targeted to reach $200 million in premium in 2025 and $500 million in the intermediate term, with a long-term aspiration of $1 billion, supported by increased risk participation (30% retention in 2025, up from 5%). The surety business, acquired via FIA, is expected to be a meaningful long-term growth opportunity, despite modest contributions in 2025. Investments in talent across underwriting, claims (e.g., Chief Claims Officer Althea Garvey), data, and technology will continue to scale the organization and drive profitable growth.

Conclusion

Palomar Holdings stands as a compelling investment opportunity, having successfully transformed into a dynamic and diversified specialty insurance leader. Its history of consistent profitability, coupled with a strategic pivot towards a balanced portfolio of residential and commercial risks across admitted and E&S markets, has enabled robust financial performance even amidst shifting industry dynamics. The company's commitment to technological differentiation, exemplified by its proprietary analytics and strategic partnerships like Neptune Flood, provides a sustainable competitive edge in underwriting and distribution.

With a strong balance sheet, a disciplined approach to risk transfer, and a clear strategic roadmap for expanding its high-growth Casualty and Crop franchises, Palomar is well-positioned to continue its impressive growth trajectory. The raised 2025 guidance and accelerated achievement of its "Palomar 2X" targets underscore management's confidence in its ability to deliver consistent earnings and superior returns. While the insurance landscape presents inherent risks, Palomar's proactive risk management, strategic investments, and unique market positioning suggest a resilient and profitable future for investors.